Influence of pH on the activity of Potato catalase Essay Example for Free

Influence of pH on the activity of Potato catalase Essay Therefore SA = 7. 065mmi. So, 7. 065mmi x 50mm will provide the volume of the 5cmi space in the manometer tube, which is 353. 25mmi. The rate of reaction can now be calculated as: Rate of Reaction = Volume Time The results for the rate of reaction are displayed as follows: pH Average Time/Seconds Rate of Reaction: Rate of Reaction Results Graph: Conclusion: From the average time and rate of reaction results, it can clearly be seen that the fastest and shortest reaction time was for the pH of 6. 3. Basically, this shows that the most appropriate pH for the enzyme Catalase to function in is a pH of 6. 3 as it the enzyme is forming a complex with the substrate and producing the by-products Hi O and Oi , at a faster rate. The least effective pH buffer to use in a Catalase reaction would be a pH of 2. 8, although there may be more inhibiting pHs outside the range used in the experiment. The longest reaction was for the pH 2.8 and the smallest rate of reaction was also, therefore pH 2. 8. Moving up the pH range used in the experiment, the rate of reaction continues to increase until the optimal point of pH 6. 3, where the rate of reaction slows and average time taken begins to increase above this point, as shown in the pH 8. 3 results and graph. Evaluation: Overall, the experiment was conducted in a suitable way that enabled the collection of relatively reliable results; however as with most experiments there were some sources of error in its conduction that will have had an effect on the results. The main error in this experiment was the factor of human error; this was mainly present in the measuring and timing stages of the experiment. The measurement of the buffer solutions, hydrogen peroxide and cutting of potato discs will have had slight discrepancies in their quantities; this will have had a small effect on the results as the enzyme and substrate amounts will have varied and the rate at which products are formed will have increased or decreased. To eliminate human error in the experiment the measurements and timing would have to be done by using more technological equipment, in order to gain precise results. Another factor that will have influenced results is the presence of inhibitors when the reaction took place; these occur naturally and can be either competitive or non-competitive: A competitive inhibitor molecule has a similar structure to the normal substrate molecule, and it can fit into the active site of the enzyme. It therefore competes with the substrate for the active site, so the reaction is slower. A non-competitive inhibitor molecule is quite different in structure from the substrate molecule and does not fit into the active site. It binds to another part of the enzyme molecule, changing the shape of the whole enzyme, including the active site, so that it can no longer bind substrate molecules. Non-competitive inhibitors therefore simply reduce the amount of active enzyme; similar to decreasing the enzyme concentration. In conclusion, the presence of these inhibitors will have altered the reaction by increasing or decreasing the rate at which the products are produced. There will have been limitations in the results as the range of buffer solution pHs used in the experiment were inadequate to determine an exact optimal pH for the enzyme Catalase to function. To find the optimal pH, further tests could have been conducted by using pHs with closer intervals within the range of 4. 5 and 6. 5, where the rate of reaction increases sharply, as shown on the graph by an arrow. By analysing the results and the graphs that were produced, there are no obvious anomalies in the results achieved; however there may have been a slight discrepancy in one result which is marked on the graph/s with a circle. This could have been a consequence of any of the factors mentioned above in the evaluation section.

General Applications of Hypnosis :: Psychology, Hypnosis

Few topics in psychology attract people in the extent that it does hypnosis. The reasons for this interest are multiple. Hypnosis fascinates by his unusual and we do not know if what attracts us is the interest in deciphering the mystery. (D. David after Gheorghidiu, 2000) Anton Mesmer was he who first who induced the state of hypnosis. He used to use a magnet that moves along the patient's body to improve blood circulation. Forgeting his magnet and once at home, Anton Mesmer was forced to resort to another object, a piece of wood, and found that patients responded well. But Mesmer did not realize at the time that the object used was important, but suggestions which induces the patient. (Ovidiu Lungu, 2004) Mielu Zlate (2007) considered hypnosis as an "altered state of consciousness located between wakefulness and sleep, but closer to waking than to sleep." Subject keeps contact with the environment during the hypnotic trance helped by the hypnotist, and cognitive changes occur at the perception, memory, thoughts, feelings, imagination, etc.. This underlines the increased activism of the brain. According to the American Psychological Association, hypnosis is a procedure whereby the subject is suggested imaginative experiences to change his subjective experience, to change his perceptions, sensations, thoughts or behavior, (Peter J. Hawkins after APA, 2009). Hypnotic trance has as main features the reduce of planning function (hypnotized subject loses the initiative and will expect the hypnotist to suggest what to do), attention becomes more selective than usual the subject which is told to obey only the voice of the hypnotist will ignore any another voice in the room) imaginative production is easily evoked (subject may find that the lives distance experiences in time and space), control and increased tolerance for low reality distortion (subject might unconditionally accept hallucinatory experiences), increased suggestibility (subject must accept the suggestions), post-hypnotic amnesia (if the subject gets instructions for this, the deeply impressed subject will forget all or almost all) (Rita L. Atkinson, 2002) Hypnotherapy applications are endless, from the surgical anesthesia which can be used at birth without pain, treatment of specific problems such as anxiety, phobias (elevator, dentist), smoking cessation, sexual dysfunction. However, failures can come from the subject's attitude against hypnotherapy and hypnosis. A negative attitude may hinder treatment. Subjects can not be controlled during their trance unwittingly. (I. Holdevici, 1991) Hypnotherapy for depressive persons contains a model proposed by Yapko in

A Beautiful Mind Speech Rhetoric

*â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†:* A Rhetoric Speech Analysis John Nash delivered his acceptance address after receiving the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. In his speech, he aims to inform his audience after his lifetime of pursuits, what he concluded are logic and reason. John Nash began his speech with a personal belief that is common with most scientists saying â€Å"I’ve always believed in numbers and the equations and logics that lead to reason. † By doing so, he establishes common ground with his audience in which they can relate to. Here he captured their attention by saying â€Å"I’ve always†, by using past tense, it implied that what he has found is contrary to that. In his next statement â€Å"But after a lifetime of such pursuits, I ask,† it proves what was disguised in his opening statement, but that only recently he has found his answer. â€Å"What truly is logic? † and â€Å"Who decides reason? † by stating these two questions that have led him to think otherwise, opposite to his original belief, it directs the audience to ponder about what he has found that is opposite to what is commonly believed in logics and reason. The use of â€Å"quest† in his next statement, emphasis a great deal of work and hardship for the conclusion he is about to make. It gives credibility to what he is about to say. â€Å"My quest has taken me through the physical, the metaphysical and the delusional†¦ and back† He further emphasis this work and hardship by the stating not one but three of what can be called three properties of the world or to be exact reality. He used parallelism by the use of the word â€Å"the†, this was important for the audience since it was necessary (as he is speaking to scientist) to show that the three properties were of equal importance. Also the employment of â€Å"Back† in his sentence calls magnitude to his credibility. It establishes ethos. Subsequently, John Nash concludes what he has found. Parallelism was utilized by the usage of â€Å"Most† to give meaning and weight to what he has concluded in his pursuits and that it had uttermost significance to his career and to his life. My† was used to establish that his discovery had equal impact on his career and life. The result of his quest is stated as â€Å"It is only in the mysterious equation of love that any logic or reason can be found† gives prominence that without love nothing can be done. That love is necessary for any logic and reason to be concluded. And here John Nash allows the audience to draw their own conclusion o f what love allows us to do. He appeals to pathos of every individual’s understanding of love. Since it is necessary in an acceptance address to thank a person and furthermore as evidence to his discovery, he thanks his wife without the direct use of wife, but with the repetition of the word â€Å"You† it raises speculation on whom is â€Å"You† maintaining the audience’s attention. â€Å"You† also in his concluding remarks and in conjunction to his earlier statements establishes that indeed without his â€Å"You†, he wouldn’t have a career or a life; she is indeed all his reasons.

Social Media Literature Review - 2529 Words

Literature Review The Literature Review represents relevant literature and theories which this research focuses on. Social media is defined as â€Å"the use of technology combined with social interaction to create or co-create value† (Jantsch, 2008). It is an emerging channel for marketing around the globe. In the modern days where social media is widely used, what needs to be communicated to the customers is, in a way, determined by them (Kietzmann, Hermkens, McCarthy, amp; Silvestre, 2011, p. 242). This means corporations have become less powerful in controlling the flow of communication even about their brands. The sharing of tweets, Facebook posts, blogs, videos, pictures etc. among the public shapes the brand image of a corporation†¦show more content†¦Even though these are intended for Credit Unions, they can be applied for all organizations. 1) Being Social – More emphasis on interaction among the social media followers or subscribers can promote the value of a brand. She supports the opinion of Nancy Dibert who said that focusing on social interaction beyond the pro motion of the products and services can be more crucial to the success of the social media communication strategy. Whether it is following others based on specific characteristics on Twitter or commenting on others’ posts on Facebook, being social online can bring followers and enhance the network of a brand. 2) Having a clear goal – Featherstone is of the opinion that setting precise goals is crucial before starting a social media channel. She goes with ‘Asking questions’ to the target audience prior in the form of polls and questionnaires which can be useful in understanding what the customers are looking for. This may ultimately be helpful in formulating the social media goals of the organization. 3) Using polls and blogs – â€Å"People want to be heard†, says Featherstone (2012, p. 26). There should be a platform for the target audience to have a conversation with the organization and polls and blogs can do wonderful jobs in this regard. Once a conversation is started, the customers will feel special and can provide valuable information on the services that are lacking in the marketing which can beShow MoreRelatedA Literature Review On Social Media Communication1121 Words   |  5 PagesA Literature Review on Social Media Communication The use of social media and social networking sites is very popular in terms of communication in today’s society. That being said, many people now question social media, wondering if its use for communicating is more positive or more negative. In this paper, both sides of the matter will be examined and research found will be presented for each viewpoint. 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