The Effects Of Climate Change On The Sea Levels - 1845 Words

With sea levels predicted to rise by as much as three feet by the year 2100, Low-lying nations and coastal cities face an unprecedented challenge during the next century. Many island nations within the Pacific and Indian Oceans are especially vulnerable given they comprise chains of small atolls which only rise a foot or two above existing sea levels. We are a part of a society, one that must pose questions to develop further understanding on the issue of climate change – how does climate change impact low-lying islands and what are its effects; what are the social, economic and political issues caused by climate change, how can these issues be resolved, what is the relationship between Australia and these island nations (especially in relation to supplying possible refugee settlements); and what are other countries doing to assist the islands? Our changing sea levels are slowly swallowing these low-lying island states, which offer a clear warning of the perils associated with a warming planet, and the implications society will eventually face. The Effects of Climate Change Climate change refers to a change in the composition of the global atmosphere over time. It is a change in climate patterns, which includes temperature, precipitation and winds. It can occur either due to a natural process or as a result of human intervention. Just a few added degrees to the Earth’s climate can jeopardize the environment if it does not have enough time to adapt. This can result inShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Effects of Sea Level Rise Caused by Climate Change932 Words   |  4 PagesThat Sinking Feeling Climate change. Global warming. We’ve heard these terms thrown around so often in the media that they’ve almost lost all meaning. We’ve heard academics throw predictions of polar ice caps melting and nations disappearing into the ocean, much to the denial and distaste of the sceptics. But, really, we haven’t been affected so far. And by scientific predictions, any changes to the earth will be well into the distant future. So why should we worry? Why should we care? Far out inRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Oceans1284 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition to carbon dioxide levels and surface temperatures, oceans also provide scientists with evidence of climate change. Oceans play a major role in climate change because they absorb almost all (90% from 1971-2010) of the energy increase in the climate system (â€Å"Summary†, 2013, p. 8). Scientists are confident that ocean surface temperatures have increased since the beginning of industrialization (â€Å"Summary†, 2013, p. 8) and that humans have contributed to this ocean warming (â€Å"Summary†, 2013Read MoreThe Alarming and Troublesome Global Warming Issue 1407 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming has been one of the most challenging problems our society has encountered and people dont acknowledge that our climate change is becoming worse as the time goes by. Climate change which is said to be the regular or ordinary weather in an environment consists of patterns like seasons and temperature. Climate patterns play such an important role in constructing an essential ecosystem, human economies and cultures that rely on them has raised the surface of the worlds oceans in recentRead MorePotiential Future Effects of Global Warming1834 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Climate change is one the biggest threats to nature and mankind in the 21st century. The impacts of climate change are visible everywhere, whether its melting glaciers, rising sea level, severe storms, heavy flooding, reduced snowfall in the north and a severe drought in the south. It will also have a number of effects on the flora and fauna in the future. Scientists predict that global warming in the near future may cause a mass extinction of wildlife, affecting more than 1 millionRead MoreClimate Change1617 Words   |  7 Pagesand rising sea levels. I joined model ‘Elevation Points’ with probabilistic sea-level rise projected areas to assess future coastal submersion of New York City. New York is very susceptible to the impacts of sea-level rise, including storm surge and coastal flooding. Many scientist deem man-made creations the cause of changes to the world’s climate and are promoting dramatic swings in the weather, such as, more floods, hurricanes, droughts, hurricanes, and heat waves. Rising sea levels are anticipatedRead MoreClimate Change And Ocean Level Rise And Its Effects On Coastal Societies1490 Words   |  6 Pages Climate Change and Ocean Level Rise and their effects Michael Estrada Florida Atlantic University July 19, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Climate Change†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Melting of Greenland and the Arctic and its effects on the Ecosystem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Ocean level rise and its effects on Coastal Societies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreClimate Change and Global Warming1074 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversible impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This alsoRead MoreThe Reality And Hoax Of Climate Change1536 Words   |  7 PagesBetween The Reality and Hoax of Climate Change People usually get into a long conversation or avoid the argument in the first place when they talk about Climate Change or Global Warming. In fact, climate change is one of the most debatable subjects in the modern era. In addition, there are different views about this subject. One is from the scientific community prospect, which they believe in this phenomenon. On the other hand, there is the skepticism of the economists and investors, especially whoRead MoreClimate Change : Its Causes, Effects And Impacts On The Globe And Mitigation Strategies1307 Words   |  6 Pages1. Climate Change: Its causes, effects and impacts on the Globe and mitigation strategies The â€Å"Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers† addresses the observed changes and their causes; future climate change risks and impacts; future pathways for adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development; adaptation and mitigation. Through various scientific researches, it has been confirmed that human influence on the climate system is clear and recent anthropogenic emissions ofRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1472 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Climate Change Currently when human life is growing, human activities impact on the environment and climate to lead to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and that is the big challenge for human kind. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it? Climate change is the change of weather, climate, may be due to human or natural causes. The specific expression that we often hear about is the phenomenon does not stop warming the earth, the greenhouse effect, melting

Pharmacy Application Letter

Application Letter to Get into Pharmacy School Do you feel pharmacy to be a mission of your life? Many of those who choose the healthcare profession can easily solve problems of thousands of patients and may as easily get stuck with writing an application letter, also called an admission essay, to get into pharmacy school. Why should you care of writing some sort of an application letter when your soul is striving for taking care of peoples health and the planet, and leave a mark in pharmacy? How to write a competitive pharmacy school application letter? The purpose of a pharmacy school application letter is to create a powerful impression on the committee and stand out of other applicants by finding strong arguments to believe in you as an excellent future pharmacist. Your first and foremost challenge is to convince the committee members that you deserve to become a part of their team and make your contribution to the pharmacy as well. What is a formula for a perfect application letter? The truth is, there isnt any secret or template that truly works and guarantees you getting into pharmacy school for sure. Annually the admission committee receives numerous application letters, which helps consider some applicants over others. Moreover, committee members are humans and each of them interprets the same admission essay from a personal point of view. Whats the way out? Lets assume each and every applicant who desires to be enrolled in pharmacy school looks for an admission essay template and inspiration to write the one in the Internet sources and copy them. Then what percent of unique essays and fresh ideas do the members of committee receive annually? Thats the main point that boosts us to find a creative way out that will help you stand out of others with the very first words. How to make your application essay fresh and readable? First of all, make sure your essay highlights and includes precise answers to the following questions: Whats your motivation of wanting to become a pharmacist? Is your essay tailored to the specific preferences of the school you are eager to get into? Why have you chosen their school? Why are you a good fit for this pharmacy school? Why you want to go to this very pharmacy school you are writing your essay for? Is your essay biographical and describes your own experience? Are you sincere with your reader and yourself? Does your essay involves your personal characteristics that may make you a diligent student and a good pharmacist in the future? Write as simple as possible. Let your words flow in a manner of speaking and try to avoid sentences with difficult structures. Ask somebody to read your essay and say how convincing it is as for the facts you used. When you are done, its time to think out of the box a little and work on structuring your work differently as others would do that. Lets freshen up your pharmacy admission essay? Standard and usual things can be presented in a creative way that truly stands out and shows your uniqueness. This approach always attracts and forces to stay focused on what you are reading. Your admission essay is not the exception! Here are some fresh tips: 1. How about starting your essay with a joke that would be clear only for people involved in pharmacy? Do not overdo, though! 2. Fill your essay with a passage of thoughts on â€Å"How will I save the world when I become a pharmacist?† The same idea goes to â€Å"What contribution will I make on becoming a student of your pharmacy school?† Turn on your imagination but be realistic in statements. 3. Show yourself as a researcher by sharing the latest knowledge youve found out from the sphere of pharmacy. This will illustrate your ability and desire to the new openings. Referring to the points above, you may find some other ideas appeared in your mind to add your pharmacy school admission essay. Dont be afraid of being genuine! Do this before you send your admission essay! When your pharmacy school application essay is ready, leave it for some time and find the very first reader. Listen to critique and ask for the tips on how to make your work even more amazing and competitive. Youre lucky if you have a grammar nazi among friends to proofread and edit all of the possible errors in words — spelling and grammar. Double check it with a spell checker online tool, in many cases it may find spelling errors invisible to your eyes or cant be checked by the program in your computer. In the end, give a sincere answer to yourself: â€Å"Would you let yourself be enrolled in pharmacy school after reading your own personal statement?†. The answer speaks for itself!

Wilfred Owen s A Soldier For The Allies - 1707 Words

The number of deaths in World War I was approximately sixteen million and the number of people injured is twenty million, resulting in a combined total of thirty-seven million affected by World War I. Wilfred Owen was a soldier for the allies, an alliance composed of the United States, England, France. He bravely gave his life to attempt to end the war. However, before he died, he wrote a number of poems based on the things he endured while fighting in the war. Wilfred Owen uses his experiences from war, such as a gassing and a surprise attack gone wrong, as inspiration for his poetry; he uses his experiences to illustrate the horrors of war. Wilfred Owen was born in Oswestry, England on March 18, 1893, and from a young age, he became interested in the arts. Owen was born into a modest family and moved around a lot. Owen was born to Thomas Owen and Susan Shaw. Thomas, Owen’s father â€Å"felt constrained by his somewhat dull and low-paid position as a railway station master† (McDowell). Meanwhile, Owen’s mother thought that being married to Thomas held her back in pursuing her dreams. The family moved twice after Owen’s birth, once â€Å"[after] he turned four† and then later â€Å"moved to another modest house, in Shrewsbury† (McDowell). Owen became interested in poetry at a young age and his interest continued to flourish. He enjoyed writing and reading poetry in his free time, and even when he was young â€Å"his work also manifested some stylistic qualities that even then tended to setShow MoreRelatedEssay about WWI Sources1632 Words   |  7 Pagesbattlefield of World War One. Autobiographies, diaries, letters, official records, photographs and poems are examples of primary sources from World War One. The two primary sources analyzed in this essay are the poems, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen and â€Å"In Flanders Fields† by John McCrae. Primary sources are often personal, written from the limited perspective of a single individual. It is very difficult for the author to capture their own personal experience, while incorporating the involvementRead MoreAnthem for Doomed Youth - Analysis1143 Words   |  5 PagesAnthem for Doomed Youth - Analysis The very title that Wilfred Owen chose for his war poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth is an apt representation of what he wanted the poem to encapsulate and the emotions he wanted to evoke in the readers. The word anthem and doomed youth is a stark juxtaposition when placed in the same sentence. An anthem is supposed to be something revered, something that represents the glory of a country and is bursting with national pride. However, when placed rightRead MoreWwi Essay : World Literature1663 Words   |  7 Pagesramifications of war. With authority controlling the public’s perspective on war through propaganda and other strategies,â€Å" young and old, civilians and military men burned with the same excitement† (Barron, Zweig). The use of propaganda to recruit soldiers was successful as authoritative figures was able to appeal to the young men’s emotions and the importance of patriotism leading to much of the youth blindly following patriotism. Hence, with yo uth blindly following patriotism without giving war aRead MorePoetry Is So Much More And The Poem By Wilfred Owen, Dulce Et Decorum Est951 Words   |  4 Pagesof literature art. Having imagination and creativity is what is necessary, but without that, there will only be an occurrence of random words that happen to rhyme when put together, but even to that extent, poetry is so much more and the poem by Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est surely shows that poetic art is something that takes time to achieve. When I speak of art, I am referring to the rhyme scheme, flow,symbol and all the other various products that go into a poem. With intelligence I specificallyRead MoreThe Unrest Of The Period1534 Words   |  7 Pageson the effects of the grim realities of World war I and the carnage caused by the brutality and the massive scale of death in Europe .It is even said that the poem The Waste Land mourns the spiritual death of Europe. Beasely wrote:’ â€Å"The waste Land ‘s first section, â€Å"The Burial of the Dead†, contains a Bavarian countless childhood memories of the pre-war Austrian empire and references to sprouting corpses. â€Å"A game of Chess† describes Lil’s preparations for welcoming her husband Albert home from theRead MoreScience And War : Science Or War Essay2162 Words   |  9 Pagesa County fair. First it was used to fence, large areas of the American West, amid World War I spiked metal was hung by the mile in front of the opposing trenches. As Army from one armed force charged over the shell-cratered cratered hell of No Man s Land, they would get to be distinctly tangled in the wire, easy pickings for the machine gunners from opposite trench. The most dreaded weapon of the war was toxic gas. Initially utilized by the Germans at the Second Battle of Ypres on 22 April 1915

Paradise Lost Books V V. Milton s Scale Of Nature

Carly Merryman ENGL 328 Stoll 3 October 2014 Paradise Lost: Books V VI Milton’s scale of nature, while appearing linear, allows the creatures within in it to â€Å"ascend to God† by â€Å"steps,† (V.512). This creates a dynamic scale that would enable a particular being the ability to move up and down the scale based on its behaviors, and align itself closer to God. However, an animal or a human can only climb so far. No matter how virtuous an animal was it could never surpass a human because it is lacking the spiritual essence that God awarded to man. Similarly, a human, while living, could never attain the same closeness to God as an angel. So while this allows for some degree of mobility, each sect of the scale is confined within the parameters that God set forth. If the creation was â€Å"one first matter all† as Raphael says to Adam then that would mean that all matter came from God. Not only does this reconcile science and religious beliefs because as Newton’s First Law says, â€Å"Mat ter can neither be created nor destroyed,† but it also asserts that all matter begins as being inherently good. This explanation disqualifies ex nihlo because as science says there can be no absolute nothing. Milton’s attempts to resolve the religion versus science issues are made stronger by his references to Galileo and astronomy. But Milton’s version of the creation tackles the problem of absolute nothingness. If there were absolute nothingness before matter, then that nothingness would have had toShow MoreRelated Speech and Deception in John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesDeception in Miltons Paradise Lost Rhetoric and sophistry testify to the fact that the world in which we live is a world of speech, that the clever man can compose at will in order to trick others. 1 Speech was perhaps the most important medium for Milton.   As a blind poet, his lack of visual faculties was augmented by a renewed importance on auditory paths to enlightenment, especially the communicative.   Therefore, contemplation of dialogue in Paradise Lost becomes an essentialRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1852 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of Satan from Milton’s Paradise Lost John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, has been the subject of criticism and interpretation through many years; these interpretations concur in that Adam and Eve are the sufferers of the poem, and it is their blight to lose Paradise because of their disobedience; however, their exile is merely a plight brought by Satan, and it is he who suffers exile before any others. Satan changes from Book I of the poem to Book XII; his introduction is heroic andRead MoreStrategic Management Accounting13457 Words   |  54 PagesAccounting, in which he presented a strong case for the adoption of strategic management accounting (SMA) (Simmonds, 1981, p. 12). Many professional and academic papers continued this theme, culminating in an inï ¬â€šuential paper by Bromwich (1990) and the book Pathways to Progress (Bromwich and Bhimani, 1994) At the same time in the USA, inï ¬â€šuential academics such as Robert Kaplan, Robin Cooper and John Shank were vocal critics of the state of management accounting and urged us to improve our relevance byRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesPrentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by anyRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the

The World Record Holder Olga Liashchuk - 1509 Words

Watermelon Crushing With Her Thighs You know they say that the watermelon is a lot like the human skull? That is why you should definitely not cross World Record holder Olga Liashchuk. She holds the record for fastest time to crush 3 watermelons between your thighs. She did it in only 14 seconds. Olga is from the Ukraine, which is pretty obvious from her name, but you should just probably avoid that whole region to avoid somehow pissing her off. Fit A Coke Can Inside His Mouth Having a giant mouth isn’t really a talent so much as a freak of genetics. This is Francisco Domingo Joaquim and he can fit a coke can into his mouth. His mouth measures in at a freaky 6.69 inches and his giant piehole earned him the World Record of World’s Widest Mouth. He is also known as the Angolan Jaw of Awe which is a reference to his home country of Angola. He began practicing his talent on the streets of Angola’s capital city of Luanda where he was noticed by the Guinness Book of World Record people. Today, he is an internet sensation with thousands of followers and he said that being in the Guinness World Record book is a dream come true for him. Squeezing Through a Tennis Racket Captain Frodo is also known as the Incredible Rubber Man and he has the extremely unnerving ability to fit through a tennis racket. He is a world-renowned contortionist that is able to do what he does because he is double jointed, which means that he can dislocate his joints. His father was actually a

Descartes Skeptical Argument and Reponses by Bouwsma and Malcolm Essay Example For Students

Descartes Skeptical Argument and Reponses by Bouwsma and Malcolm Essay Descartes Skeptical Argument and Reponses by Bouwsma and MalcolmIn this essay, I will examine Rene Descartes skeptical argument andresponses by O.K. Bouwsma and Norman Malcolm. I intend to prove that while bothBouwsma and Malcolm make points that refute specific parts of Descartesargument in their criticisms, neither is sufficient in itself to refute thewhole. In order to understand Descartes argument and its sometimes radical ideas,one must have at least a general idea of his motives in undertaking the argument. The seventeenth century was a time of great scientific progress, and theblossoming scientific community was concerned with setting up a consistentstandard to define what constituted science. Their science was based onconjunction and empirical affirmation, ideally without any preconceived notionsto taint the results. Descartes, however, believed that the senses wereunreliable and that science based solely on information gained from the senseswas uncertain. He was concerned with finding a point of certainty on which tobase scientific thought. Eventually he settled on mathematics as a basis forscience, because he believed mathematics and geometry to be based on someinherent truths. He believed that it was through mathematics that we were ableto make sense of our world, and that the ability to think mathematically was aninnate ability of all human beings. This theory becomes important in DescartesMeditations because he is forced to explain where the mathematical ideas that hebelieved we were born with came from. Having discussed Descartes background, Iwill now explain the specifics of his argument. The basis of Descartes entire argument is that the senses can not betrusted, and his objective is to reach a point of certainty, one undeniabletruth that fixes our existence. He said it best in his own words, I will . . . apply myself earnestly and openly to the general destruction of my formeropinions.1 By opinions he meant all the facts and notions about the worldwhich he had previously held as truths. Any point which had even the slightesthint of doubt was discarded and considered completely false. Descartes decidedthat he would consider all things until he found that either nothing is certain,which is itself a point of certainty, or he reached the one undeniable truth hewas searching for. In order to accomplish this certainty, in the firstMeditation he asks the reader to assume that they are asleep and that all theirsensory information is the product of dreams. More significantly, Descartesimplies that all consciousness could actually be a dream state, thus provingthat the senses can be doubted. The dream argument has its intrinsic problems,however. One, is that images in dreams can be described as painted images.2In other words, a dream image is only a portrait of a real-life object, place orpers on. If we are dreaming then it is implied that at some point we wereconscious and able to perceive these things. If we are able to perceive thesethings then we must admit that we have senses and that our senses are, at leastin part, true. This was exactly what Descartes was trying to disprove, and itwas one reason he abandoned the dream argument. The second problem with this argument is that it points to mathematics as apoint of certainty. I believe Descartes best explained this in his own words:Whether I be awake or asleep, two plus three equals five and a square doesnot have more than four sides: nor does it seem possible that such obvioustruths can fall under the suspicions of falsity.3 Even when we are dreaming,the laws of mathematics and geometry hold true, but they can not be Descartespoint of certainty for a simple reason; these abilities that Descartes believedwere innate still had to come from somewhere. If they are in our heads when weare born, someone had to put them there. Descartes question is who, and hecomes up with two possibilities. .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .postImageUrl , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:hover , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:visited , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:active { border:0!important; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:active , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World War I Essay ThesisOne possibility is that our inherent mathematical abilities are the gift ofa benign creator, a gift of God. As a supremely good being, he would not allowus to be deceived, and mathematical processes would be a point of certain andundeniable truth. If this were the case, the idea of mathematics would meetDescartes objectives as a point of certainty. The existence of God, however,can not be proven and so there is a

Principles of Software Engineering

Question: Describe about the Principles of Software Engineering. Answer: This is a well used method by the programmers and the project development team so that they can easily describe the services to the users. Extreme programming mostly being used by the programmers in softwares which are designed to do complex services to the users. These should be more understandable as common public users would interact with these systems in their day to day life. Such as ATM and Parking Machines. Advantage: There are certain advantages of the story type explanation in extreme programming where the programmers express the user requirements as stories. This is one of the best methods to express the requirements so that anyone can easily understand it. Storytelling is always considered as a most convenient way to spread the message to the masses. Extreme programming expresses the requirements in stories which can be well understandable to the users. This will help them to understand the operational situation in a more real way. As we have seen in ATM Machines where the software asks the users to insert the card or take the receipt. This way can be better express the functionality to the user. Users can easily understand the functionality. It requires less maintenance. Its short and this makes it easy to implement. Users stories are useful in project planning as these are written in a manner which refers the difficulty level of the Project so that project team can understand the difficulty and time requirements (Sommerville, 2004). Disadvantage: This makes it informal in nature, sometimes users failed to detect the main motto of the stories. Sometimes users got confused with the user requirements. The stories are mainly focused on the functional requirements. It's hard to make an agreement between the user and the developer as the customer may have different understand with the team, this will make the design more difficult (Cohn, 2008). There are different requirement for a computer based system which are listed below. Functional requirements: this is the basic blueprint or the instructions for the activities and services which the computer would provide to the users. Non-Functional requirements: The non-functional requirements are the constraints which can be observed in the services and function offered by the system. These include time constraints, development constraints as well. User requirements: This mainly defines the basic user requirements which include the representation of the services which are being offered by the system for the users. These are generally shown in natural language and in the diagram. System requirements: The system requirements include the description of the system along with the constraints, properties. Logical database requirements: The logical database requirements are another kind of requirements which are needed to access and identify the files within a system so that all the functions and services must access The requirement review is a critical and important part in the development. The requirement review consists the project team members like programmers, designers, and stockholders involved with it. At first company determine the requirement prior to development and later on the consult with different stockholders for a final approach towards the system. The system requirement review is mainly done with respect to the designers and developers who will be responsible for the developing the software and the user who will use it. The managers and employees also can attend the review meeting and can give the feedback at the time of brainstorming. Process Model: (Source: kotonaya, 1998) The requirement review consists of 6 stages which are Plan review, Distribute documents Prepare for reviews, Hold review meetings, follow up actions and Review documents. 4. In petrol pump where users swipe their card and specify the amount of fuel required. The fuel delivered and the amount debited from the account of the customer. To specify these activities we need to write a natural language description and user requirements. This includes, The system must ask the users to swipe their cards for starting the process. Once the card is perfectly swiped the system will ask the Personal Identity Number (PIN) which is linked to the card and this is required for the successful transaction. The system will ask about the amount of fuel which is required by the user. The systems then ask the user to insert the pump nozzle into the gas tank and a sensor will take care about the amount of fuel the tank can hold. After successfully delivering the fuel the system will show the amount which is being debited from the users account. The Cash Dispensing functions in ATM: The system will ask the user to insert the debit card into the ATM Machine. The system will ask the 5 digit PIN for successful login into the account. The System then asks the user about the desired Withdrawal amount from the ATM. The system will match the input amount with the Balance of the users account; if the balance is more than then the desired amount then the system will proceed. The systems release a slip showing the withdrawal and remaining balance into the account. Spell Checker in Word Processor: The system will identify the miswritten words with a red When the user right clicks over the miswritten words the system will provide options such as a replace word ignore option or add to dictionary option. Once the user chooses one option the system will mark the word as perfect and red underline will disappear. 5. Elicit requirements mean to find out the requirement from the stockholders. This is an important thing for proceeding with any kind of design and concept. There are different ways to find the elicit requirements, some of them are; interviewing, workshop, focus group and brain storming (Liles, 2012). Interviewing: The Business group either interviews a person or a group of stockholders to find out the requirements. Workshops: Workshop is an important and beneficial way to find out the requirements from the user groups. These are organized by the project team to find the insight about it. The team and the stockholder will discuss each thing in detail so that they can address all the issues. Focus Group: The project team selects a bunch of peoples who are either stockholders or experts from the required industry. The team developer, designers starts an interactive session with the peoples to find out more about the requirements. Brainstorming: Brainstorming is basically done to quickly decide the ideas which can be useful for the project. A selected topic is being provided to the selected group on which they have to make relevant and accurate comments in a given time limit. This is also considered an important aspect in defining the requirements as people's provide different views regarding the requirements and project. 6. An engineer is responsible for the perfect accomplishment of all the requirements in the project. As we know he has to make sure that each of the user requirements must be addressed as well as the needs to track the relationship between the functional and non-functional requirements. One mainly recognizes the general requirements of the system. This address the main motto of the system like what a system must do and what they have to address. The nonfunctional requirements are not directly linked with the services which the software is delivering to the users. Moreover, it takes care about the performance perspective and the security of the system. These two have a relationship as for each function they need to address some non functional requirements, which are needed to be addressed for successful service delivery to the user. An engineer should make a list of the requirements which will take care of it for more user friendly services. Engineer has to address these issues perfectly so that they can perfectly address the entire requirement and deliver perfectly described service to the user (Kotonya, 1998).. 7. When a change has to be made in the system which needed to maintain consistency between the requirement and the system. These changes can be accomplished by making desired change in the programming code on a priority basis. The changes must be made after the complete analysis of the requirement and the problems which are being observed in the system. These are considered as an important aspect of the system as this will help the programmer to make the system more user-friendly. In emergency cases the modification on the code is done on the priority basis, after the changes the code will be submitted for the analysis and at last, the code will be restructured in the arrangement. If it has to done in other case, the first thing is to determine the requirement impacts and then made a change in the requirements. The programmer will made a change in the program code and update the code in the database. The following model perfectly describes the changes: (Source: kotonaya, 1998) This model will address the changing process which could be done in emergency changes or in none emergency cases. Reference: Sommerville, .A, 2004, Software Engineering: Seventh Edition, Pearson Education Cohn, .M, 2008, Advantages of User Stories for Requirements Retrieved From https://www.mountaingoatsoftware.com/articles/advantages-of-user-stories-for-requirements Kotonya, G. and Sommerville, I. 1998. Requirements Engineering: Processes and Techniques Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Chemuturi, M. (2013). Requirements Engineering and Management for Software Development Projects. Liles, .J, 2012, Methods for Eliciting - Not Gathering Requirements Retrieved from https://www.batimes.com/articles/methods-for-eliciting-not-gathering-requirements.html